If Clause
If-clauses are also known as conditional clauses or conditional sentences. This means that the event in the main clause (not counting the if) only takes place if the condition in the clause containing if is fulfilled.
Types of Clauses
There are two major types of clauses main (or independent) clause and subordinate (or dependant) clause.
Main Clause and Subordinate Clause – Comparison
He is buying a shirt which looks very nice.
The above sentence has two clauses “He is buying a shirt” and “which looks very nice”. The clause “He is buying a shirt” expresses a complete thought and can alone stand as a sentence. Such a clause is called main or independent clause.
While the clause “which looks very nice” does not express a complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete idea. Such a clause is called subordinate or dependent clause.
Main or Independent Clause
“Main (or independent) clause is a clause that expresses a complete thought and can stand as a sentence.
Examples
I met the boy who had helped me.
She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
He became angry and smashed the vase into peaces.
In the above sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses complete though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally referred as a simple sentence.
Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Subordinate clause does not express complete idea and can’t stand as a sentence. A sentence having a subordinate clause must have a main clause.
Example
He likes Chinese rice which tastes good.
The clause “which tastes good” in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes Chinese rise) to express complete thought.
Examples.
I met the boy who had helped me.
I bought a table that costs $ 100.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into tree types,
1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase
1. Form
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
· I would pass the exam.
· I could pass the exam.
· I might pass the exam.
· I may pass the exam.
· I should pass the exam.
· I must pass the exam
Type I (real conditional)
We use type I to talk about a condition that could possibly become true in the present or the future.
(Maybe I’ll have time later.)
if + present simple, will-future
Example:
If I have time, I will help you.
Type II (unreal condition – present)
We use type II to talk about present or future conditions that are unreal – they are not true or not likely to become true in the future.
(I know I don’t have any time.)
if + simple past, would + infinitive
Example:
If I had time, I would help you.
Type III (unreal condition – past)
We use type III to talk about a past condition that is unreal – it did not take place.
(I didn’t have any time.)
if + past perfect, would have + past participle
Example:
If I had had time, I would have helped you.
Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense
She is wearing a shirt which looks nice.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
He became angry and smashed the vase into peaces.
In the above sentences each underlined part shows main clause. It expresses complete though and can stand as a sentence that is why a main or an independent clause is normally referred as a simple sentence.
Subordinate or dependent Clause
Subordinate (or independent) clause is a clause which does not express complete thought and depends on another clause (main clause) to express complete thought. Subordinate clause does not express complete idea and can’t stand as a sentence. A sentence having a subordinate clause must have a main clause.
Example
He likes Chinese rice which tastes good.
The clause “which tastes good” in above sentence is a subordinate clause because it does not express complete thought and can’t stand as a sentence. It depends on main clause (he likes Chinese rise) to express complete thought.
Examples.
I met the boy who had helped me.
I bought a table that costs $ 100.
He takes medicine because he suffers from fever.
The teacher asked a question but no one answered.
Subordinate (or dependent) clauses are further divided into tree types,
1. Noun Phrase, 2. Adjective Phrase, 3. Adverb Phrase
1. Form
type
|
if-clause
|
main clause
|
I
|
Simple Present
|
will-future or (Modal + infinitive)
|
II
|
Simple Past
|
would + infinitive *
|
III
|
Past Perfect
|
would + have + past participle *
|
2. Examples (if-clause at the beginning)
type
|
if clause
|
main clause
|
I
|
If
I study,
|
I will pass the exam.
|
II
|
If
I studied,
|
I would pass the exam.
|
III
|
If
I had studied,
|
I would have passed the exam.
|
3. Examples (if-clause at the end)
type
|
main clause
|
if-clause
|
I
|
I will pass the exam
|
if
I study.
|
II
|
I would pass the exam
|
if
I studied.
|
III
|
I would have passed the exam
|
if
I had studied.
|
4. Examples (affirmative and negative sentences)
type
|
Examples
|
||
long forms
|
short/contracted forms
|
||
I
|
+
|
If
I study, I will pass the exam.
|
If
I study, I'll pass the exam.
|
-
|
If
I study, I will not fail the exam.
If I do not study, I will fail the exam. |
If
I study, I won't fail the exam.
If I don't study, I'll fail the exam. |
|
II
|
+
|
If
I studied, I would pass the exam.
|
If
I studied, I'd pass the exam.
|
-
|
If
I studied, I would not fail the exam.
If I did not study, I would fail the exam. |
If
I studied, I wouldn't fail the exam.
If I didn't study, I'd fail the exam. |
|
III
|
+
|
If
I had studied, I would have passedthe exam.
|
If
I'd studied, I'd have passed the exam.
|
-
|
If
I had studied, I would not have failed the exam.
If I had not studied, I would have failed the exam. |
If
I'd studied, I wouldn't have failed the exam.
If I hadn't studied, I'd have failedthe exam. |
|
* We can substitute could or might for would (should, may or must are sometimes possible, too).
· I would pass the exam.
· I could pass the exam.
· I might pass the exam.
· I may pass the exam.
· I should pass the exam.
· I must pass the exam
Type I (real conditional)
We use type I to talk about a condition that could possibly become true in the present or the future.
(Maybe I’ll have time later.)
if + present simple, will-future
Example:
If I have time, I will help you.
Type II (unreal condition – present)
We use type II to talk about present or future conditions that are unreal – they are not true or not likely to become true in the future.
(I know I don’t have any time.)
if + simple past, would + infinitive
Example:
If I had time, I would help you.
Type III (unreal condition – past)
We use type III to talk about a past condition that is unreal – it did not take place.
(I didn’t have any time.)
if + past perfect, would have + past participle
Example:
If I had had time, I would have helped you.
Conditional clause
1. If + Present Tense
Main clause
will + inf / present tense / imperative
Conditional clause
2. If + Past Tense
Main clause
would + inf
Conditional clause
3. If + Past Perfect Tense
Main clause
would have + past participle
Ex: a. If you help me with the dishes (if + pres),
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
Main clause
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,
only in the main clause.
EXERCISES
Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
§ If you (go) __ out with your friends tonight, I (watch) __ the football match on TV.
§ I (earn) __ a lot of money if I (get) that job.
§ If she (hurry / not) __ , we (miss) __ the bus.
Conditional Sentences Type II
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
§ If he (try) __ harder, he (reach) __ his goals.
§ I (buy) __ these shoes if they (fit) __ .
§ It (surprise / not) __ me if he (know / not) __ the answer.
Conditional Sentences Type III
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
§ If we (listen) __ to the radio, we (hear) __ the news.
§ If you (switch) __ on the lights, you (fall / not) __ over the chair.
§ She (come) __ to our party if she (be / not) __ on holiday.
Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).
§ If I __stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
§ If we'd seen you, we __ .
§ If we __ him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
§ He would have repaired the car himself if he __ the tools.
§ If you drop the vase, it __ .
§ If I hadn't studied, I __ the exam.
§ I wouldn't go to school by bus if I __ a driving licence.
§ If she __ him every day, she'd be lovesick.
§ I __ to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
§ We'd be stupid if we __ him about our secret.
ANSWERS
Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
§ If you go out with your friends tonight, I will watch
the football match on TV.
§ I will earn a lot of money if I get that job.
§ If she does not hurry, we will miss the bus.
Conditional Sentences Type II
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
§ If he tried harder, he would reach his goals.
§ I would buy these shoes if they fitted .
§ It would not surprise me if he did not know the answer.
Conditional Sentences Type III
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
§ If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard the news.
§ If you had switched on the lights, you would not have fallen over the chair.
§ She would have come to our party if she had not been on holiday.
Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).
§ If I were stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
§ If we'd seen you, we would have stopped .
§ If we meet him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
§ He would have repaired the car himself if he had had the tools.
§ If you drop the vase, it will break .
§ If I hadn't studied, I would not have passed the exam.
§ I wouldn't go to school by bus if I had a driving licence.
§ If she didn't see him every day, she'd be lovesick.
§ I won't travel to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
§ We'd be stupid if we told him about our secret.
Sources:
http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/sentences/if-clauses
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-3
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm
I will help you with your homework. (will + inf)
b. If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by three,
the number is divisible by three (Pres. tense)
c. If you see Mr Fox tonight, tell him I am ill. (imperative).
Main clause
We do not normally use will or would in the conditional clause,
only in the main clause.
EXERCISES
Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
§ If you (go) __ out with your friends tonight, I (watch) __ the football match on TV.
§ I (earn) __ a lot of money if I (get) that job.
§ If she (hurry / not) __ , we (miss) __ the bus.
Conditional Sentences Type II
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
§ If he (try) __ harder, he (reach) __ his goals.
§ I (buy) __ these shoes if they (fit) __ .
§ It (surprise / not) __ me if he (know / not) __ the answer.
Conditional Sentences Type III
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
§ If we (listen) __ to the radio, we (hear) __ the news.
§ If you (switch) __ on the lights, you (fall / not) __ over the chair.
§ She (come) __ to our party if she (be / not) __ on holiday.
Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).
§ If I __stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
§ If we'd seen you, we __ .
§ If we __ him tomorrow, we'll say hello.
§ He would have repaired the car himself if he __ the tools.
§ If you drop the vase, it __ .
§ If I hadn't studied, I __ the exam.
§ I wouldn't go to school by bus if I __ a driving licence.
§ If she __ him every day, she'd be lovesick.
§ I __ to London if I don't get a cheap flight.
§ We'd be stupid if we __ him about our secret.
ANSWERS
Conditional Sentences Type I
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.
§ If you go out with your friends tonight, I will watch
the football match on TV.§ I will earn a lot of money if I get
that job.§ If she does not hurry, we will miss
the bus.Conditional Sentences Type II
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.
§ If he tried harder, he would reach
his goals.§ I would buy these shoes if they fitted
.§ It would not surprise me if he did not know
the answer.Conditional Sentences Type III
Complete the Conditional Sentences Type III.
§ If we had listened to the radio, we would have heard
the news.§ If you had switched on the lights, you would not have fallen
over the chair.§ She would have come to our party if she had not been
on holiday.Conditional Sentences Type I, II or III
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).
§ If I were
stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.§ If we'd seen you, we would have stopped
.§ If we meet
him tomorrow, we'll say hello.§ He would have repaired the car himself if he had had
the tools.§ If you drop the vase, it will break
.§ If I hadn't studied, I would not have passed
the exam.§ I wouldn't go to school by bus if I had
a driving licence.§ If she didn't see
him every day, she'd be lovesick.§ I won't travel
to London if I don't get a cheap flight.§ We'd be stupid if we told
him about our secret.Sources:
http://www.studyandexam.com/types-of-clause.html
https://english.lingolia.com/en/grammar/sentences/if-clauses
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/if.htm
https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/tests/conditional-sentences-3
http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/conditional2.htm
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